Crested Porcupines

Relative to most other rodents, crested porcupines are long-lived, surviving for 10 years in the wild or up to 20 years in captivity. 

Adult crested porcupines have an average head and body length around 24-33 inches long, discounting the tail, and weigh 29-60 pounds. They are heavily built animals with stocky bodies, short limbs, thick claws, and an inconspicuous tail. The front feet of the crested porcupine have four developed and clawed digits with a regressed thumb, the rear have five. The ears are external, and both the eyes and ears are very small.

The body of crested porcupines are covered in long spines up to 20 inches in length, interspersed with thicker, sharply pointed defense quills up to 14 inches long. For the most part these quills are used for defense and are usually marked with light and dark bands which alternate. Their spines and quills are loosely attached so they can easily break off into a predator or shed when damaged - all will be replaced by new growth. Their short tail has hollow rattle quills at the end that when vibrated, they produce a hiss-like rattle to ward off potential threats.

Despite being a solitary forager, they live in small family groups consisting of an adult pair with their young. They live together sharing an elaborate burrow system, which they may remain in during winter, although they do not undergo true hibernation.

The crested porcupine is found in Italy, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. In the Mediterranean, it is known from mainland Italy and the island of Sicily, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; they are also recorded in Ghana, Libya and along the Egyptian coast. It has been recorded from sea level to 8,370 feet in the Moroccan Anti-Atlas. The porcupine was thought to have been introduced to Italy by the Romans, but fossil and subfossil remains suggest it was possibly present in Europe in the upper Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 years ago). 

While they are commonly hunted by pythons, leopards and large birds of prey, the porcupine is certainly not defenseless. They have acute hearing and will freeze when approached by predators. If forced to defend themselves, they will grunt and vocalize, stamp their feet, vibrate their quills, and aggressively charge, running sideways or backwards, to embed their sharp quills in an attacker. They can't throw or shoot their quills, but the quills may dislodge when used for defense. When stuck into a predator, the quills lodge under the attacker's skin like fishhooks. These attacks are known to have killed lions, leopards, hyenas, and even humans. If given a chance, the porcupine will generally retreat into its burrow, exposing only its quills and making it hard to dislodge.

Unlike New World species in the Americas, the Old World species of Africa and Asia do not have barbed tips to their spines or quills. That characteristic is reserved only for the New World porcupines. 

Range

The crested porcupine is found in Italy, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. In the Mediterranean, it is known from mainland Italy and the island of Sicily, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; they are also recorded in Ghana, Libya and along the Egyptian coast. It has been recorded from sea level to 8,370 feet in the Moroccan Anti-Atlas. The porcupine was thought to have been introduced to Italy by the Romans, but fossil and subfossil remains suggest it was possibly present in Europe in the upper Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 years ago).

Crested porcupines come out at night and rustle around in search of food. While they appear clumsy in their movements, they can run fast enough to outpace humans when disturbed. They usually forage alone and sometimes in small groups. Like other rodents, they have a single pair of sharp, continually growing incisor teeth that are used to gnaw and rip tough plant material. They are also equipped with long claws that they use to dig up roots and tubers (like root vegetables). They feed on fruit, tubers, bulbs, bark, cultivated crops, and occasionally carrion. Crested porcupines have been known to collect thousands of bones and store them in underground dens.

They are nocturnal and monogamous. They take care of the young for a long time and small family groups consist of the adult pair and young of various ages. Most of what is known about reproduction come from individuals in captivity. Breeding occurs throughout the year and female crested porcupines typically have one litter annually. Gestation lasts about 65 days, after which the female will give birth to one or two very well-developed young, called porcupettes, in a cozy chamber within the burrow. The porcupettes weigh about 2 pounds at birth and will leave the den after 10 days (in captivity) to 50 days (in the wild). Their quills and spines are soft when they're born, so time in the burrow is well spent and gives them time to harden. Females nurse the young for 40-50 days and will begin to wean them at 3 months old, or 1 month in captivity. Parental duties are shared by both the male and female, and babysitting is often done by the sub-adults.

Despite being a solitary forager, they live in small family groups consisting of an adult pair with their young. They live together sharing an elaborate burrow system, which they may remain in during winter, although they do not undergo true hibernation.

Crested porcupines reach adult weight at 1-2 years of age and are often sexually mature just before then, at which time they leave their family unit.

As human populations expand, humans and porcupines find themselves in increasingly close quarters. When porcupine populations close to cultivated areas surge, they can become serious agricultural pests. They are smoked out of their burrows and hunted with spears, nets, or dogs. These practices have eliminated them from densely settled areas. 

Porcupine quills and spines have long been a favorite ornament and good luck charm in Africa. The hollow rattle quills serve as musical instruments and were once used as containers for gold dust. They are also targeted and illegally hunted for their meat.

Groups like the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) educates communities about the importance of sustainable practices for agricultural and settlement growth by providing training on best practices and incentivizing conservation agriculture when appropriate. AWF engages local communities to set aside land for wildlife to live undisturbed. In the Laikipia region of Kenya, which has no formal protected areas, they partnered with the Koija community and a private operator to construct the Koija Starbeds Lodge. Koija Starbeds sets aside land for wildlife while also creating jobs and income for the local community. To learn more about the African Wildlife Foundation, visit their website at www.awf.org.